How Does Doppler Radar Work

One discovery that is used in a variety of ways is the  Doppler effect, even though at first glance the scientific discovery would seem to be rather impractical. The Doppler effect is all about waves, the things that produce those waves (sources), and the things that receive those waves (observers). It basically says that if the source and observer are moving relative to each other, then the frequency of the wave will be different for the two of them. This means that its a form of scientific relativity. There are actually two main areas where this idea has been leveraged into a practical outcome, and both have ended up with the handle of Doppler radar. Technically, Doppler radar is what is used by police officer radar guns to determine the speed of a motor vehicle. Another form is the Pulse-Doppler radar which is used to track the speed of weather precipitation, and usually, people know the term from it being used in this context during weather reports. Doppler Radar: Police Radar Gun Doppler radar works by sending a beam of electromagnetic radiation waves, tuned to a precise frequency, at a moving object. (You can use Doppler radar on a stationary object, of course, but its fairly uninteresting unless the target is moving.) When the electromagnetic radiation wave hits the moving object, it bounces back toward the source, which also contains a receiver as well as the original transmitter. However, since the wave reflected off of the moving object, the wave is shifted as outlined by the relativistic Doppler effect. Basically, the wave that is coming back toward the radar gun is treated as an entirely new wave, as if it were emitted by the target it bounced off of. The target is basically acting as a new source for this new wave. When it is received at the gun, this wave has a frequency different from the frequency when it was originally sent toward the target. Since the electromagnetic radiation was at a precise frequency when sent out and is at a new frequency upon its return, this can be used to calculate the velocity, v, of the target.   Pulse-Doppler Radar: Weather Doppler Radar When watching the weather, it is this system which allows for the swirling depictions of weather patterns and, more importantly, detailed analysis of their movement. The Pulse-Doppler radar system allows not only the determination of linear velocity, as in the case of the radar gun, but also allows for the calculation of radial velocities. It does this by sending pulses instead of beams of radiation. The shift not only in frequency but also in carrier cycles allows one to determine these radial velocities. In order to achieve this, careful control of the radar system is required. The system has to be in a coherent state which allows for stability of the phases of the radiation pulses. One drawback to this is that there is a maximum speed above which the Pulse-Doppler system cannot measure radial velocity. To understand this, consider a situation where the measurement causes the phase of the pulse to shift by 400 degrees. Mathematically, this is identical to a shift of 40 degrees, because it has gone through an entire cycle (a full 360 degrees). Speeds causing shifts such as this are called the blind speed. It is a function of the pulse repetition frequency of the signal, so by altering this signal, meteorologists can prevent this to some degree. Edited by Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.

Strategic Profile And Case Analysis - 1805 Words

Strategic Profile and Case Analysis Purpose: Research in Motion is a consulting business co-founded by Mike Lazaridis and Douglas Fregin who financed them in the early stages of the business. Not until 1992 when Harvard Business School graduate Jim Balsillie joined RIM as a partner, then the company really started to take off for the better. By 1995 the inter@ctive paper, a two-way paper was completed and bought to the market kick starting a deluge of investments. Situational Analysis: Managers have analyzed other companies like apple and IBM, they have the ability to browse news, stock market data, and weather information of other handheld devices. They were able to inject additional funds when public offerings on the NASDAQ like apple has to try and compete with other leading companies. When Apple released its first IPhone in 2007 the captured the market with many more sales than BlackBerry because they captured the market with better the products. General Environmental Analysis: Having products that compete with other companies is how you stay ahead in the hard world of electronics, RIM had another setback to satisfy their shareholders, figuring out what they need to do better to compete with Apple. So they have hired people who analyze competitors and that is their only job, the CEO at that time figured it would be best if they stepped down because they could not do the job as well as the thought they could, in one year the stock prices had dropped 75%. When heShow MoreRelatedStrategic Profile And Case Analysis1381 Words   |  6 PagesStrategic Profile and Case Analysis purpose Herman Miller is a modern furniture company based in Zeeland, Michigan. Originally named Star Furniture Company in the early 1900’s the company was known for high quality bedroom suites (Herman Miller). In 1909 Dirk Jan De Pree was hired as a clerk for the company and eventually became president in 1919 when the company was also renamed Michigan Star Furniture Co. Five years later De Pree convinces his father-in-law, Herman Miller to help purchase 51%Read MoreCase Analysis - Sears1700 Words   |  7 PagesPreparing a Comprehensive Case Analysis, Part 1 By Angela Rivera Professor Camilla Pugh Strayer University BUS 490 Summer 2012 Assignment 1: Preparing a Comprehensive Case Analysis, Part 1 Due Week 4 and worth 200 points Research a public corporation that you believe is not doing as well as it could in the marketplace. For this first paper, you will complete the first steps of a comprehensive written analysis as described in Part 6 of the textbook. The written analysis will be completed inRead Moreï » ¿Strategic Planning Process – Case Analysis1159 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Strategic Planning Process – Case Analysis The Strategic Planning Process: The Strategic Planning Process involves numerous steps in evaluating the effectiveness of a firm’s performance relative to its competitors. To assess each of the components of a business, selected evaluative tools must be used. The tools are meant to serve as guidelines and not specific decision points. Management must decide upon the most appropriate pathway for the firm to follow given the input from both theRead MoreMarket Share With Optimal Product1504 Words   |  7 Pagespart-worths to run another segmentation analysis and explore whether there are distinct segments (as opposed to the overall market) that would prefer the new Kirin product you designed. [Note: you may need to create a new data file that combines the partworth data sheet from the conjoint file with the discrimination data sheet from the segmentation file, or to be able to toggle back and forth between these two files to select the required data to run the analysis]. Should you standardize the data whe nRead MoreEssay on STRATEGIC GROUP MAP1507 Words   |  7 PagesSTRATEGIC GROUP MAP Strategic group map define as a industry that provide similar product to the same segment of the population ( Lyke 2014). With strategic group map it can help the organization to identify direct and indirect competitor beside that strategic group map also able to identify opportunities and strategic issue (strategic group map 2014). The strategic issue to be concern in tea industry is the amount tea leaves able to produce by the country. Since amount of tea produce by each countryRead MoreEssay on Borders Group, A Failed Business1604 Words   |  7 Pageswould make me better prepared for when I decide to start my business. My Failed Business Choice The company I chose to do research on is Borders Group, Inc. â€Å"Borders Group, Inc. is now the second largest bookstore in the world† (Hoovers company profiles, 2011). This is a company that I just recently found out about. I love book stores and living in a town where the bookstores are very few that when I am out of town I am looking for a Barnes Nobles or Books-A-Million to visit before returningRead MoreRoll Royce Case Study Essay1369 Words   |  6 PagesUnit 2 2013 Rolls Royce Corporation Case Study 2.1 In this case I believe the key to solving Rolls Royce’s issue boils down to stakeholder management. Identifying the stakeholders along with their levels of interest and power allowance will definitely help them begin to get organized to move forward with resolving any concerns within the connected parties. Based on the fact that they have been in business for over 120 years, I believe Rolls Royce has stood the test of time. At this point IRead MoreCompetitive Analysis : The Competitive Profile Matrix ( Cpm )1519 Words   |  7 Pages Competitive Analysis The Competitive Profile Matrix (CPM) is a tool that compares the firm and its rivals and reveals their relative strengths and weaknesses (Competitive Profile Matrix, 2013, October 29). These factors are influenced by external and internal challenges. The illustrated CPM below compares Domino’s Pizza with two of its top competitors, Pizza Hut and Papa John’s. The results of the CPM give Domino’s Pizza a 3.3, which is above average in its respective industry. The firm also hasRead MoreCriminal Crime And The Criminal Justice System1693 Words   |  7 PagesCriminal Profiler/Psychologist’s are people in the Criminal Justice System that create psychological profiles of criminals in order to identify behavioral patterns, in efforts to help officers narrow down their searches to people who fit that particular description. Profiler’s examine crime scenes, analyze evidence, read reports from investigators, write reports, and interview witnesses and victims in order to collect information. They may work for local, state, or federal law enforcement. ProfilersRead MoreSituational Analysis Of Jetblue1192 Words   |  5 Pagesuses various strategies such as interlining to meet more consumer demands and introduce its premium service, Mint, which aids in the expansion into emerging markets and developing nations. This case analysis describes the history of JetBlue, it’s products and services, an assessment of the firm’s strategic position and performance within the airline industry, issues that pose a threat to the organization and areas of growth and expansion into new area and markets. Keywords: social, economic, environment

The Writing Process And What Good Quality Writing Looks...

In the writing process one of the stage is conferring. This is describe as a conference that is a one-on-one strategy that takes place between the student and the teacher. Conferring with my students is one of the best opportunity for me as a teacher and my student have direct and immediate feedback of the skills that are involved in their writing. When conferring with my students I can really give each child personalized feedback to improve their writing as well discussing what they have learned. In addition, I show them the writing process and what good quality writing looks like. During the conference the main focuses of the conference is teaching my students the writing process. â€Å"Conferencing lies at the heart of effective writing instruction because writing, unlike any other subjects, do not have a correct answer.† (Klein, 2011) â€Å"An example of writing is like playing a sport because you have to put a variety of skills together to hit the target.† (Klein, 2011) In this example, I am like the coach by helping my students hone in on their purpose of writing. One goal for conferencing with my students is to teach them one strategy that they could use to improve their writing and not look at editing. Lucy Calkins stated â€Å"We are teaching the writer and not the writing. Our decisions much be guided by ‘what might help this writer’ rather than ‘what might help this writing.† (Calkins, 1994) With this being said I will need to keep this in mind when working with my studentsShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Conferring At The Heart Of Effective Writing Instruction837 Words   |  4 Pagesmake a decision. The writing conference is a one-on-one strategy that takes place between the student and the teacher. Conferring is one of the best opportunity for direct and immediate teaching of the skills that are involved in writing. In addition to these steps you are also teaching your student the writing process and good quality writing. The writing process it the main focuses of the conference. Conferencing lies at the he art of effective writing instruction because writing, unlike any otherRead MoreAre Video Games Therapy? Essays1100 Words   |  5 Pagessame observations to the act of playing a video game, one can see how playing a video game can be as effective as meditating. While playing a video game the mind is no longer focused on the stress of the day. The person playing the game is focused on the task of playing the game and alleviating the stress they may feel from everyday life. Juan Alcibar, a recovering soldier at Walter Reed Army Medical Center, says â€Å"When youre just sitting in your room thinking about what happened, it drives you crazyRead More Proposal Paper1554 Words   |  7 PagesProposal Paper Like the previous paper I enjoyed writing this one as well. I have been skiing for 14years, so this is something Im interested in. In the process of writing this paper I heard conflicting views from pro and con helmet sides. My dad was upset by the fact that I wrote about why you shouldnt wear ski helmets, because he wears one when he skis. Personal preference backed up by convincing evidence I found in multiple places helped me prove my position against ski helmets at highRead MoreCase Study : Omega And Genii1733 Words   |  7 Pagesthe process. Through takeovers, mergers, and working agreements it seems like companies are joining forces across the board for the greater good. Given that â€Å"joining forces† is the commonly used phrase of the moment; it is interesting to see that Genii have made several moves to grow through such means. The latest news emerging from the company is that they will work with Omega Gaming going forward in what looks to cap two months of rel entless corporate expansion. The Latest Addition What the newRead MoreComplaint letter examples1460 Words   |  6 Pages2004 Customer Service Cool Sports, LLC 8423 Green Terrace Road Asterville, WA 65435 Dear Sir or Madam: I have recently ordered a new pair of soccer cleats (item #6542951) from your website on June 21. I received the order on June 26. Unfortunately, when I opened it, I saw that the cleats were used. The cleats had dirt all over it and there was a small tear in front of the part where the left toe would go. My order number is AF26168156. To resolve the problem, I would like you to credit my accountRead MoreChild s Play : The Impact On Youth Sports2120 Words   |  9 PagesPlay: The Impact on Youth Sports Espn survey asked about the positive effects of playing sports has on their children and the results were, physical health 88%, giving children something to do 83%, teaching discipline and dedication 81%, teaching how to get along with others 78%.(â€Å"Bruce Kelly†) These are mind blowing percentages that show that sports are helping kids in so many categories. Based on these numbers, the message is obviously getting across that organized sports are keeping kids out ofRead MoreCurrent Issues and Trends in Assessment in Early Childhood Education6428 Words   |  26 PagesAssessment in Early Childhood Education The 1980s brought a new reform movement in education, accompanied by a new emphasis on testing. The effort to improve education at all levels included the use of standardized tests to provide accountability for what students are learning. Minimum competency tests, achievement tests, and screening instruments were used to ensure that students from preschool through college reached the desired educational goals and achieved the minimum standards of education thatRead MoreYouth Sports Coach Better Understand Children s Learning And Performance Skills2390 Words   |  10 Pagesencompass information about the children they will be teaching these strategies to. This paper will seek to help the youth sports coach better understand children’s learning and performance skills in relation to their given sport. Within the paper there will be several different topics discussed in order to help the coach see the overall picture of what motor behavior learning looks like through the eyes o f a youth athlete. The topics incorporated are: 1) growth and development issues and the influenceRead MoreErikson’s Theory: Identity vs. Role Confusion1222 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent sports and when I realized that playing them was not a strength of mine I tried managing. While I enjoyed managing softball, I wanted to do something more during the other seasons. This is when I decided to join the cheerleading squad, and that turned out to be a strength of mine. I played in the band, sang in the choir, and wrote for the school newspaper. I was not good at all these activities but that is okay because I realized that music was not a skill of mine but I was good at writing. EriksonRead MoreIn Pursuit of Excellence Book Review2289 Words   |  10 Pagesnew to the topic of sport psychology, and I asked someone to suggest a book that would give me an in-depth, how-to description of learning to control your mind and use it to your advantage, then I would expect them to suggest In Pursuit of Excellence. I have read a few different books on sport psychology, with all of them discussing the same information and techniques, but none of them go into the type of depth that this book does. It is almost as though this is the Bible of sport psychology; that is

Workplace Ethical Dilemma Essay - 1301 Words

+ Workplace Ethical Dilemma Tanya W. Cooper BSHS/332 Professional, Ethical and Legal Issues in Human Services April 16, 2012 Kathleen Roberts Everyday individuals are faced with issues associated with ethical dilemmas. Ethical dilemmas involve an individual’s behavior toward a moral standard, which may have been established from previous generations and passed along. In upholding the standards taught individual may be forced to take a particular action involving a decision when a behavior is considered non-ethical is when an ethical dilemma occurs. It can become difficult at times in making the correct decisions or solutions to the situation, which is why a code of ethics is established in the workplace. The code of ethics in the†¦show more content†¦In the workplace as well as one’s personal life is essential for ethics to be maintained; often taking the right action is not always the most popular choice. It is important for maintaining an upstanding ethical code of conduct to be a productive individual as well as function as an employee in the workplace. Today’s workplace in consistent with several diverse backgrounds, which include different aspects of a working relationships within an organization, including age, nationality, education, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, and religion. Although the companies include the diverse backgrounds, upon entering employment, each individual brings their own set of values, goals, and perception of acceptable behaviors (Lankard, 1991). In respect to the organization, these multicultural individuals are asked to work together in obtaining the corporations goals and policies. However, in the workplace, several ethical dilemmas may arise, which is not limited to, downsizing employees, salaries, successful employing organization, these dilemmas are additional stress to a diverse working population. Resolving ethical dilemmas requires critical discussion, analyzing, problem solving, and decision-making (Lankard, 1991). Resolution cannot be completed with one or two individuals; this p rocess needs to include all stakeholders, current, and future for legal and ethical purposes. Stakeholder’s views must be expressed and reviewed because itShow MoreRelatedEthical Dilemmas Of The Workplace1291 Words   |  6 PagesEthical Dilemmas in the Workplace As a manager, you are the role model for staff. You set the standards, adhere to guidelines, and exemplify what you expect staff to model. By doing so, you are establishing and sustaining an organizational culture of ethics and integrity, which is the backbone of all successful endeavors. However, even the best structured organizations face ethical dilemmas in the workplace. It is how management recognizes and addresses these occurrences that will either set themRead MoreEthical Dilemmas Of The Workplace1538 Words   |  7 Pages1. Discuss an ethical dilemma that you have had to face in the workplace. Ethical dilemmas often occur when a manager or an employee is faced with two or more conflicting choices. Give as many facts and details as possible in describing your dilemma. The most difficult ethical dilemma I have dealt with was a summer job I had this past summer, while I was working for a bakery in my hometown. This past particular summer really tested what I believe is right and wrong and how to speak up. One of myRead MoreEthical Dilemma at Workplace Essay1192 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Introduction – What is an ethical dilemma? Ethics is the term we give to our concern for good behavior.   It is human nature to not only be concerned with our own personal well being, but also that of others and of human society as a whole.   The difference between moral dilemmas and ethical ones, philosophers say, is that in moral issues the choice is between right and wrong.   In ethical ones, the choice is between two rights. Everyday Im faced with decisions of right and wrong, most of whichRead MoreEthical Dilemmas in Workplace1634 Words   |  7 PagesEthical Dilemmas in Workplace Personal values may conflict with ethical decision making if those personal values are different than the organizational norms of the business or institution. Constructing, and maintaining personal ethics in the workplace rests with the individual, and how willing he or she is in assimilating to the evolving cultural dynamic of the corporate world. Many times a person find their personal, cultural and/or organizational ethics conflicting and must reconcile a course ofRead MoreEthical Dilemmas Of The Workplace880 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many ethical dilemmas one can face while in a workplace. Some are easy to handle, while others do not have a quick solution. There are also many different interactions that can take place. Ethical dilemmas involving a request from a boss have proven to be difficult situations to handle. In the workplace, it is vital to have a strong relationship with a boss. This is what makes an unethical request from a boss such a hard situation to be put in. One wouldn’t want to sacrifice the relationshipRead MoreWorkplace Ethical Dilemmas931 Words   |  4 PagesWorkplace Ethical Dilemmas Workplace Ethical Dilemmas Ethical dilemmas are what happen when a person is faced with a decision that may press against their personal values or beliefs. At one of my previous jobs, there was a problem with employees conducting their personal business, errands, or hobbies all while on the company’s time. There were many times that people were caught shopping on company computers, playing games or accessing social networking sites, checking personal email accountsRead MoreEthical Dilemma Of The Workplace1213 Words   |  5 PagesLodino, Luiz Sekerka, Leslie Ethical Dilemma A. Identify and summarize key problem(s)/ issue(s): First and foremost Steve, did not consider his job as the best job ever, however he got away with such feeling once he started to create some affinity along his co-workers. Although the other employees were fun, they did not respect the company or management. The environment was loud, laid back in an extreme point where employees did not perform their duty, instead conversations, jokes, music, andRead MoreAn Ethical Dilemma in the Workplace780 Words   |  4 PagesAn Ethical Dilemma In The Workplace The Dilemma; An Assistant Teacher, from my Counseling Ministry, has worked for twenty years in many types of school setting and with students from grades Pre-K to High school. During her career, she has encounter unfavorable encounters with her peers, parents and students. One particular incident she received a written reprimand from her supervisor. The supervisor stated she engaged in dishonorable conduct of insubordination. She refuses to abide by the instructionsRead MoreEthical Dilemma at the Workplace1714 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Examine an ethical dilemma that can occur in the workplace Ethical dilemmas are particularly sensitive issues in the workplace because the well-being of the individuals and the organization as a whole are at stake. Employees must feel as though they are being supported and not punished, and should not feel as though they were being put on display; their dignity should always remain intact. This paper examines how, as a high school principle, I would address the issue of one of the high schoolRead MoreWorkplace Ethical Dilemma Paper1064 Words   |  5 PagesWorkplace Ethical Dilemma Paper BSHS / 322 Marcia Winter Introduction Weve all heard the golden rules: In today’s society it is hard to find a good paying job. When one finds a good paying job, that person needs to do whatever he or she can do to keep that job. Ethics can be a problem in a workplace if someone is asked to do something that they do not feel is right. â€Å"Ethics are about making choices that may not always feel good or seem like they benefit you but are the right choices to

Money United States and Famous Wealthy Businessman Free Essays

In this day and age, it is almost impossible to live without money. Money is the key to getting most of what we need and want. Evil is an impious act, which takes over individuals or societies and makes them do wrongdoings to each other. We will write a custom essay sample on Money: United States and Famous Wealthy Businessman or any similar topic only for you Order Now This brings us to our topic of discussion: â€Å"Money is the root of all evil†. There are two different attitudes to this topic. A group believes that money is not the root to all evil. In the world we currently live in, one needs money in order to survive and be happy. Money gives people possibilities and when available, it allows people to live luxurious lives. When accessible, some people use their excess money to aide others. For instance, Bill Gates, a famous wealthy businessman, donates 99% of his profits every year to charities. These charities then use the money to help the poor. This group also believes that, other than money, there is other ancestry of evil. For instance, hate is one aspect. Hate is created out of jealousy between individuals or societies. Detestation, if strongly felt, may lead to murder. Another principle of malevolence is sexual cravings. For some individuals, these cravings, if not fulfilled, may drive them into committing a horrible sort of violence. It may lead to rape. This malice has nothing to do with money whatsoever; hence money is not the root of all evil. On the contrary, a group believes that money is the root of all evil. It is factual that money gives people power to succeed and to get what they want. However, sometimes excess power is used erroneously, which in the long term, creates evil. Evidence of this is the war that took place between Iraq and America in year 2003. It was America who declared war against Iraq. That war was ridiculous, as, until now, it has not yet been proven that Iraq had Weapons of Mass Destruction! America had, and still has, a lot of money, and therefore, a lot of power. This has driven America to creating war and conflicts with other countries, which is a sign of evil. This money, which has been spent on the war, could’ve been used in supporting millions of homeless, poor and starving people around the world! How to cite Money: United States and Famous Wealthy Businessman, Essay examples

Money United States and Famous Wealthy Businessman Free Essays

In this day and age, it is almost impossible to live without money. Money is the key to getting most of what we need and want. Evil is an impious act, which takes over individuals or societies and makes them do wrongdoings to each other. We will write a custom essay sample on Money: United States and Famous Wealthy Businessman or any similar topic only for you Order Now This brings us to our topic of discussion: â€Å"Money is the root of all evil†. There are two different attitudes to this topic. A group believes that money is not the root to all evil. In the world we currently live in, one needs money in order to survive and be happy. Money gives people possibilities and when available, it allows people to live luxurious lives. When accessible, some people use their excess money to aide others. For instance, Bill Gates, a famous wealthy businessman, donates 99% of his profits every year to charities. These charities then use the money to help the poor. This group also believes that, other than money, there is other ancestry of evil. For instance, hate is one aspect. Hate is created out of jealousy between individuals or societies. Detestation, if strongly felt, may lead to murder. Another principle of malevolence is sexual cravings. For some individuals, these cravings, if not fulfilled, may drive them into committing a horrible sort of violence. It may lead to rape. This malice has nothing to do with money whatsoever; hence money is not the root of all evil. On the contrary, a group believes that money is the root of all evil. It is factual that money gives people power to succeed and to get what they want. However, sometimes excess power is used erroneously, which in the long term, creates evil. Evidence of this is the war that took place between Iraq and America in year 2003. It was America who declared war against Iraq. That war was ridiculous, as, until now, it has not yet been proven that Iraq had Weapons of Mass Destruction! America had, and still has, a lot of money, and therefore, a lot of power. This has driven America to creating war and conflicts with other countries, which is a sign of evil. This money, which has been spent on the war, could’ve been used in supporting millions of homeless, poor and starving people around the world! How to cite Money: United States and Famous Wealthy Businessman, Essay examples

Company Law Changing Nature of Corporate Collapses in Australia

Question: Discuss about theCompany Lawfor Changing Nature of Corporate Collapses in Australia. Answer: Introduction There has been an increase in the corporate collapses over the last two or three decades. Most of these corporate collapses are a result of relevant corporate law which had been put in place in order to avoid any wrongdoing which essentially could impact the interest of the company in an adverse manner. But often, the agents or the management of certain companies tend to be driven by their own personal interests which essentially lead to the collapse of albeit healthy entities (Mak, Deo Cooper, 2005). Even though over the years, there have been periodic modifications in the corporate law so as to plug loopholes, but the nature of corporate crimes has also evolved over the years in the Australian context. In order to evaluate the same, certain corporate collapses before the turn of the century would be taken and the same would be compared with corporate scandals in the recent past particularly those which involve bribery related corruption. Besides, in wake of the current challenges and nature of corporate crime, the relevant changes that need to be initiated in the corporate law would also be highlighted. One of the key scandals that took place in the 1980s was the WA Inc scandal which was a political scandal that arose because of the close association between businessmen and government as a result of which a quid pro quo relationship emerged. The scandal resulted in loss to public exchequer to the tune of $ 600 million on account of the bankruptcies witnessed by major corporations in the aftermath of stock market crash that took place in 1987. These corporations were Rothwells, Bond Corporation, Parry Corporation and Bell Group (O'Brien, Webb, 1991). These businesses were owned by selective businessman who were close to the Labour government existing at that time and provided tremendous funding support to the government. The state government in return provided state guarantees to the various assets of the corporations mentioned above at inflated prices which eventually led to losses to the exchequer on liquidation of corporations (Sykes, 1994). A host of breaches in corporate law were observed in this scandal. The most primary being breach of duties by the directors to ensure that their conduct should be driven by care and due diligence directed towards the company. However, the directors indulged in reckless business practices which eventually led to the bankruptcy and hence did not take enough measures to keep the company solvent. Besides, the actions taken by the directors were not in the best interest of the respective companies (O'Brien, Webb, 1991). This is apparent from the dubious business practices of Rothwells which acted as a last resort lender. Further, there was misrepresentation of financial information by the directors and practices related to asset overvaluation and liability minimisation were common so as to keep the stock price artificially high. Also, there were dubious transactions which happened at astronomical valuation which was the case in the sale of Bell Group to Alan Bond in 1987. It was apparent that with these transactions, it was apparent that eventually the corporations would become bankrupt (Sykes, 1994). The dubious conduct of the Bell Group was apparent in the issue of bonds when it was facing financial difficulties. At the time, the group was practically insolvent but still borrowed additional money and hence the directors breached their fiduciary duties by duping investors through the issue of fresh securities. The group along with Alan Bond finally went bankrupt in 1991. However, at the time, most of the assets with the group and its subsidiaries were liquidated by the banks (Allens, 2008). As a result, the directors failed in their fiduciary duty of securing the interest of creditors. This led to the longest case in Australian legal history i.e. WESTPAC BANKING CORPORATION -v- THE BELL GROUP LTD (IN LIQ) [No3][2012] WASCA 157; 44 WAR 1; 89 ACSR 1; 270 FLR 1 which reached settlement only in 2013 with the court directing the banks to return the money it realised through asset sale. In this decision, the court also highlighted that the directors also have the duty to take care of t he valid interests of the creditors even though this is not explicitly mentioned in the law (Hargovan. Harris, 2014). Another corporate collapse which deserves a mention is the liquidation of HIH Insurance in 2001. The company was one of the largest insurance companies in Australia at that time and had rapidly grown in the last decade of the 20th century. However, the company had several issues related to the faulty business practices which eventually led to the demise. The primary concern was the lack of prudent risk management strategy as the company dependent on reinsurance unlike peer companies which adhered to stringent provisioning norms. Besides, the company also indulged in reckless decision making which was apparent in the acquisition of FAI Insurance at a huge premium which made very little business sense (Mak, Deo Cooper, 2005). As a result of this acquisition, Rodney Alder (son of Larry Alder) became one of the directors of HIH insurance. After the liquidation of HIH in 2001, Rodney Adler had to face criminal charges and was found to be in breach of key provisions of corporate law. He was found to have breached s. 999 of Corporations Act 2001 when he gave out incorrect information with the intention of inducing share sale of HIH to certain investors. Additionally, he was found guilty of violation of s. 184(1)(b) of Corporations Act 2001 as his actions were not in the best interest of the company and thus he had breached the duty of the director. Infact the other directors of the company has also breached the duties of the directors by acting in a reckless manner which is apparent from the acquisition of FAI insurance without adequate due diligence. Additionally, the business expansion into risky verticals and new geographies was also not well planned and hence clearly there was breach of fiduciary duties by the directors (Mirshekary, Yaftian, Cross. 2005). Owing to the violation of duties of directors, post the HIH d ebacle, the Corporate Law Economic Reform Program Act 2004 (CLERP) was initiated. This led to sweeping changes in the corporate law in the form of CLERP 9 particularly with regards to corporate governance norms which aims to provide requisite checks and balances to prevent abuse of power (Gay Simnett, 2012). Due to the expanding reach of globalisation, the reach of modern businesses is not only limited to domestic markets but seeks to look at global markets. Australian businesses are also not lagging in this regard and are actively pursuing their business interests globally. However, this global marketplace raises new avenues of concerns for corporate law. While in the past, the root cause of corporate collapse essentially remaining within the national boundaries, same could not be said about the global companies of Australia. As these have business interests across the world, it is difficult for the regulators to keep a close watch on the foreign operations (Heaton, 2015). A case in point is the construction giant Leighton Holdings which through its subsidiary Leighton Offshore is facing investigations from the regulators (ASIC and AFP). In 2012, the company was caught in bribery scandal related to huge kickbacks paid to Iraqi officials through a Monaco based company in order to secure lucrative oil contract (Mckenzie Bachelard, 2016) More recently, accusations of foreign bribery have again resurfaced in connection with a project in India where apparently lucrative sub contracts were promised in exchange for a particular project (Duffy, 2016). Various other countries have also launched investigations into the case as this is fast emerging as a eye opener for national governments (Nicholson, 2016). Another relevant case involves the payment of kickbacks by Australian Wheat Board (AWB) to Iraqi officials for furthering business interests under the aid program (Adams, 2013). Clearly, the above incidents highlight the seriousness of the issue of foreign bribery. The relevant Australian law in this regard initiated with the Commonwealth Criminal Code 1995 which after four years paved way for Criminal Code Amendment (Bribery of Foreign Public Officials) Act. The amendment of the 1995 law was enacted in order to ensure that Australian standards in this regard were at par with the global standards (Adams, 2013). However, the key concern remains enforcement which is apparent from the fact that till 2015, there have been only two companies that have based prosecution. Even in the AWB case, the Australian Federal Police (AFP) did not proceed with the criminal matters investigation because of limited public interest coupled with slim conviction charges. Further, even in the bribery scandal revolving around Leighton, there have been no charges. The result of the lax enforcement in this aspect leads to complacency and the lack of adequate risk monitoring by compani es which are prone to such bribing of foreign officials (Heaton, 2015). The above fears are validated by a Deloitte survey as per which 23% of the firms had experienced incidents of bribes being paid during the last five years. Additionally, 75% of the surveyed Australian firms having foreign operations did not ever conduct any assessment related to corruption risk. Also, of the 25% companies that did carry out an assessment of corruption risk, 40% never initiated any program to manage the corruption risk on a proactive basis. It is apparent from this that the Australian companies lack the necessary internal processes so as to be proactive with regards to payment of foreign bribes and the only action is primarily reactive as is apparent from the Leighton case (Heaton, 2015). In absence of appropriate internal regulations to detect foreign bribery and take effective actions, the onus is on the government to take the requisite measures so that the reputation of Australian businesses is not tarnished in the business world. The continuation of this trend in an unabated form could adversely impact the ability of the Australian companies to bag projects oversees. However, the government till now has not been proactive in this regard. The testimony to this fact is the failure of the government to meet the various obligations that were highlighted at the OECD Convention on foreign bribery. The government has subsequently not been successful in implementation of the various recommendations. Also, the government has not yet come out with a national plan to deal with corruption which it originally proposed to release in 2012 (Heaton, 2015). In wake of the above facts, it is essential that appropriate modifications need to be made so as to curb this menace which could rapidly become out of control. In this regard, the most critical mechanism which needs reforms is the strict enforcement of the existing law. This is because invariably proper and timely enforcement of laws lead to compliance in the long run. In order to overcome the legal hassles related to proving bribery, provision related to books and records can be introduced on the lines of US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. As a result of this provision, there would be a legal obligation on the companies to maintain detailed records of transactions which would enhance the overall transparency and also improve internal compliance and risk assessment (Adams, 2013). Further, like in UK, any failure in bribery prevention should be treated as a criminal offence. The only defence that the companies could avail is by adhering to reasonable internal controls and reporting nor ms which enhance transparency and accountability. Additionally, whistle-blowers also need to be encouraged in this regard through the implementation of appropriate legislation in this regard. Also the prosecutors should be made extended wider options for settlement like non-prosecution agreement so as to ensure timely settlement (Heaton, 2015). Thus, in wake of the above discussion, it would be fair to conclude that with Australian businesses going global, the focus of corporate collapse has shifted from internal concerns to concerns spanning into foreign territory. In this regard, the current regulations in Australia are not effective due to weak enforcement. Taking a cue from other developed nations such as US and UK, it is the need of the hour that requisite changes must be incorporated in the relevant law and enforcement process so as to enhance the conviction rate. In the long run, this would improve transparency and accountability while improving the reputation of Australian businesses. References Adams, M. (2013), Bribery, corruption and a reputation inpieces, Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/bribery-corruption-and-a-reputation-in-pieces-18900 Allens (2008), Restructuring and Insolvency, Retrieved from https://www.allens.com.au/pubs/insol/foinsolnov08.htm Duffy, C. (2016), Whistleblower accuses Leighton International of kickbacks and facilitation payments, Retrieved from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-04-22/leighton-allegations/7350886 Gay, G. Simnett, R. (2012), Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia, Sydney: McGraw-Hill Education Hargovan, A. Harris, J.(2014), Before the High Court, Sydney Law Review, 35(2), 433-50 Heaton, A. (2015), Are Australias Foreign Bribery Laws Failing?, Retrieved from https://sourceable.net/are-australias-foreign-bribery-laws-failing/ Mak, T., Deo, H. Cooper, K. (2005), Australias Major Corporate Collapse: Health International Holdings (HIH) Insurance May the Force Be with You, Journal of American Academy of Business, 6(2),104-12. Mckenzie, N. Bachelard, M.(2016), Unaoil Leighton: Dirty Deals and Double Crosses, Retrieved from https://www.theage.com.au/interactive/2016/the-bribe-factory/day-2/leighton-feature.html Mirshekary, S., Yaftian, A. Cross, D. (2005), Australian Corporate Collapse: The Case of HIH Insurance, Journal of Financial Services Marketing, 9(3), 249-58. Nicholson, L. (2016), Biggest bribery scandal: US, UK, Australia launch probe into mass oil industry corruption, Retrieved from https://www.rt.com/news/337961-unaoil-corruption-scandal-investigation/ O'Brien, P. Webb, M.(1991), The Executive State--WA Inc The Constitution, Perth: Constitutional Press Sykes, T.(1994).The Bold Riders: Behind Australia's Corporate Collapses. St Leonards, NSW:Allen Unwin

Blockchain for Bitcoin Technology

Question: Discuss about the Blockchain for Bitcoin Technology. Answer: Introduction: The block chains are the distributed databases maintaining continuous growth of records ordered in lists called blocks. It is the public ledger of every Bitcoin transactions which have been executed. The completed blocks are incorporated to it leading to constant increase in size of the block chains. These blocks have been imposed over the blockchain in chronological order and linear manner. The research would be conducted around Bitcoins. The bitcoins has been developed as rewards in competitions where users offer power of computing to authenticate and record transfer of data into block-chains. The study would not reveal any other cases supported by the block-chains like smart contracts and the licensing. The study would describe the research. Then the evaluation of the contribution of block-chains with bitcoins has been discussed. A model to stimulate has been developed with its limitations and justifications. Lastly conclusion has been drawn on the key findings fitting to the research. At first the topic blockchain technology in Bitcoin is defined. Then the area of blockchain technology in Bitcoin is unfolded. The areas that are not to be included in this research are mentioned. Lastly the general findings from blockchain technology in Bitcoin are revealed. In the next section, the fiend of the review has been described. After describing the research, evaluation is done on the contribution of the research that has been done to the area. Next the limitations of blockchain technology in Bitcoin are shown. Lastly the section ends by mentioning the values of the limitations in the project. Then the best solution for the present situation is given. It important features are discussed. Its quality and contribution to the given research field is analyzed. A model is drawn stimulating it. Lastly conclusion is drawn upon the key findings from the review of blockchain technology in Bitcoin. Research description: Boyd Carr, (2016) researched that Blockchain is the decentralized method for data transaction in data management. It was first designed for the Bitcoin cryptocurrency. The interest in this field originated since the idea has been coined in the year of 2008. The reason behind this was its core attributes providing data integrity, anonymity and security. This has been done in the absence of a third party organization that could manage its transactions. Thus it created attractive areas of research. This has been especially from the view point of limitations and technical challenges. A systematic mapping of the study with the aim of gathering every relevant research on the technology of lock-chain is set. The main aim has been the understanding of the present challenges, future directions and topics of the research. Various online journals are studies. That show focus on the Bitcoin systems. Most of the studies has been dealing with reveal and improve of the Blockchains from the security and privacy view-points. Several of the proposed solutions have been lacking concrete discussion on the effectiveness. Many scalability of Block-chain involving the latency and throughput has been kept unstudied. Evaluation of the contribution of the research:The contribution of the research has been interesting to watch where it has been heading. Bitcoin has got many attentions in cryptocurrency. According to Gbel et al. (2016) more people has been buying and trading Bitcoins per day. Hence it has been crucial as a research topic. The research would attract the academia and industries to carry on further researches from both the technical and business perspectives. The Bitcoin has been the only solution to utilize the Blockchain technology. There has been various other cryptocurrencies currently who have been giving competition to Bitcoin. The future researches from this study might also involve other cryptocurrencies. The review would not only help in focusing on Bitcoin and the other cryptocurrencies but also highlight applications possible utilizing the solution of blockchain. Utilizing of decentralized scenario like the share of virtual properties could be a contribution of the research. This would revolutionize the approach in which the organizations would sell the products. Gipp, KostiBreitinger (2016) states that as the solutions of blockchain are used for more users, it would appreciate the reviews like this done on the technical challenges and limitations. The increase in sizes and bases of users has triggered to conduct this type of researches relating to the scalability. Moreover, the research will leave its impact on the privacy and security concerns. This would give birth to inventions of new areas to prevent the disturbance on blockchains. Limitations of the research:The systematic mapping of the research would enable the understanding of the present gaps in the research. Crosby et al., (2016) state thatone of the fundamental limitations on the study is relating to the publication bias. It refers that the problem that the positive outcomes are to be published more than that of the negative ones. This is because that the negative take much time to get published. Moreover, they have been less cited in the publications. Other limitation has been the selection bias. It refers to the distortion of the statistical analysis. This has been owing to the used criteria for selecting the publications. Lastly the there has been limitation regarding inaccuracy the extraction of data and the misclassification. This indicates the possibility of extraction of data differently by various reviewers. Importance of the research gaps in the project:As researched by Zheng et al., (2016) this identification of systematic mapping of the research would help the practitioners and the researchers to concentrate on research areas that need more researches. The seeking of the gaps of research would reply the unanswered queries in the present technology of blockchain. The addressing of the publication issue has brought the usage of various scientific databases. This is done within the search protocols to seek maximum number of papers. This has raised the quantity of papers found for this study along with raising the possibility to seek the papers with negative outcomes. Nonetheless, the Blockchain innovation has been considered as another subject in the software engineering industry. It has been further distributed as white papers inside the companies. Thus, all exploration led on the specialized perspectives on Blockchain could not been incorporated in this mapping study. In any case, by u sing just logical databases as hotspots for finding significant research, papers are gathered of higher quality. The issue of selection bias has been addressed by the developing o careful search protocols. Pilot searches could be done on various keywords ensuring what has been concluded from the study. Rigorous criteria for inclusion and the exclusion could be defined form this. This would ensure that every paper elected has been the section of the research topic (Bracamonte, Yamasaki Okada, 2016). Most of the researches relating to the block-chain have been relevant to the regulation, legal and economic factors of Bitcoin with the possibility of its cryptocurrency. The current selected solution at best: The solution is the data extraction and mapping process. Matzuttet al., (2016) claimed is designed to gather data required to address the queries of research in this review. The data items collected are the basic information regarding the study. It includes the objectives and major findings from the study. It helps to organize and assess the data. The selection and search outcomes are found from the process. There has been the Prisma-Flow model provided with the process. Many journals have been retrieved initially as the search protocol designed has been registered to the scientific databases selected. The initial round on the inclusion and the exclusion has been lying on the basis of the titles of the papers retrieved. Various papers excluded have been discussed from the business view-point of Bitcoin. They have not been included in the study. Retrieval of numerous papers relevant to other scientific fields where the Blockchain has another definition than technology in computer scie nce is done. The most important features have been the identification of security, wasted resources, usability and privacy. These have been good due to the identification of exchanging property of Bitcoin. This has caused economic harm for the clients. This fit into the research was said by Karame (2016). This is because there is a scope of introducing the audit software to increase the usability in the Bitcoin exchanges. The aim of this software has been to deduce the solvency of exchange participants. This could be done without the publication of crucial data. There has been connection between the buyer and the seller with limited layer for anonymity. This prevents the buyers to find and validate data in Bitcoin. Different models could be presented through which the rating or reputation could be imposed conjoining the transactions of Bitcon. This considers every pros and cons. These aspects could be improved. This could be done on the network of Bitcoin. Thus the usability is improved delivering extra data for users who have been making transactions. Limitations:Colombo (2016) argues that the technology of block-chain has certain challenges that are identified through the review. Several technical limitations identified in adapting the technology of block-chain in future are throughput, latency, bandwidth and size, security, wasted resources, usability and versioning with hard forks and multiple chains. They have been the limitations for certain reasons. The potential issues throughput in the network of Bitcoin presently gets maximized to transactions per second. In order to develop enough protection for the transaction block of Bitcoin, it takes 10 minutes to finish a transaction roughly. In order to gain security efficiency, more time has to be spent in the blocks. This is because it has been outweighing the expense of couple of attacks. Currently the block-chains size in the network of Bitcoin has been over five hundred thousand megabytes. The community of Bitcoin assumes that the quantity of each block has been one mega bytes. The block has been created for every ten minutes. Dwyer (2016) discusses that this causes limitations in the quantity of transactions to be handled. In the security section the present block-chain at Bitcoin can have 51% attack. The mining at Bitcoin has been wasting large quantity of energy about fifteen million dollars per day. This has been the reason of effort of proof-of-work. The API of Bitcoin to develop services has been hard to use. There has been the requirement to design an API for blockchain that is more developer-friendly. This resembles the REST APIs many times. Small chains that comprises of lower quantity of nodes possess high chances of fifty-one percent attack. Another problem arises as the chains have been split for versioning and administrative purposes (Krug Peterson, 2015). These limitations fit to the review as the blockchain posses the ability to alter the method of transactions. Moreover, the block-chains applications have not been limited to the crypto currencies. The data integrity attributes of security and the anonymity has been suffering from various restrictions and obstacles. They are assesses and resolved in this research. Scalability has been another problem which has been also mentioned in this study. This research would help in identifying the present status done by blockchain. Conclusion: The research has continued to seek several problems and solutions to overcome the limitations of the technology of Block-chain. Most of the study has concentrated on addressing the challenges. Every block comprises of a timestamp. It comprises of links to previous blocks. As recorded once, the block-chains have been resistant inherently to any kind of modification of data. Maximum researches on block-chain of present day have been concerned about the security and privacy issues. It has conducted scalability problems on the Blockchain. The review has evaluated the ability of the solutions suggested in an aim of the evaluation criteria. The limitations are searched and the way it has been valuable to the project is found out. A suitable model is drawn justifying the best solution selected. Though various solutions to the limitations and solutions are presented but few of them has been just small proposals and lack strong assessment on the effectiveness. References: Boyd, C., Carr, C. (2016, July). Fair Client Puzzles from the Bitcoin Blockchain. InAustralasian Conference on Information Security and Privacy(pp. 161-177). Springer International Publishing. Bracamonte, V., Yamasaki, S., Okada, H. (2016). A Discussion of Issues related to Electronic Voting Systems based on Blockchain Technology. Colombo, R. J. (2016). Bitcoin: Hype or Harbinger.J. Int'l Bus. L.,16, 1. Crosby, M., Pattanayak, P., Verma, S., Kalyanaraman, V. (2016). Blockchain technology: Beyond bitcoin.Applied Innovation,2, 6-10. Dwyer, G. P. (2016). Blockchain: A Primer. English, S. M., Nezhadian, E. (2017). Conditions of Full Disclosure: The Blockchain Remuneration Model.arXiv preprint arXiv:1703.04196. Ferrin, D. (2015). A Preliminary Field Guide for Bitcoin Transaction Patterns. InProc. Texas Bitcoin Conf. Gipp, B., Kosti, J., Breitinger, C. (2016). Securing Video Integrity Using Decentralized Trusted Timestamping on the Bitcoin Blockchain. Gbel, J., Keeler, H. P., Krzesinski, A. E., Taylor, P. G. (2016). Bitcoin blockchain dynamics: The selfish-mine strategy in the presence of propagation delay.Performance Evaluation,104, 23-41. Hari, A., Lakshman, T. V. (2016, November). The Internet Blockchain: A Distributed, Tamper-Resistant Transaction Framework for the Internet. InProceedings of the 15th ACM Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks(pp. 204-210). ACM. Karame, G. (2016, October). On the Security and Scalability of Bitcoin's Blockchain. InProceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security(pp. 1861-1862). ACM. Krug, J., Peterson, J. (2015). Sidecoin: a snapshot mechanism for bootstrapping a blockchain.arXiv preprint arXiv:1501.01039. Matzutt, R., Hohlfeld, O., Henze, M., Rawiel, R., Ziegeldorf, J. H., Wehrle, K. (2016, October). POSTER: I Don't Want That Content! On the Risks of Exploiting Bitcoin's Blockchain as a Content Store. InProceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security(pp. 1769-1771). ACM. Miscione, G., Kavanagh, D. (2015). Bitcoin and the Blockchain: A Coup D'tat through Digital Heterotopia?. Nugent, T., Upton, D., Cimpoesu, M. (2016). Improving data transparency in clinical trials using blockchain smart contracts [version 1; referees: awaiting peer review]. Zheng, Z., Xie, S., Dai, H. N., Wang, H. (2016). Blockchain Challenges and Opportunities: A Survey.